In this view, each morpheme within the subject phrase is a source of number information with a particular weight, which will determine the strength of its influence on the final number value of the subject phrase. Attraction may also arise at the level of Morphing, due to the influence from the attractorвЂ™s feature on the highest subject node, by way of a feature percolation mechanism.

Semantic influences come about during Marking, the process during which the speaker translates the number notion from the message into a linguistic feature. The first cause lies in the conceptual representation of the subjectвЂ™s notional number. The Marking and Morphing model of agreement production distinguishes between two causes of errors (,, and much subsequent work). The phenomenon of attraction is directly observable in language production, since it gives rise to a grammatical error, and it is indeed in production that attraction was first theorized and that it was for the most part explored experimentally. The agreement targets are typically verbs, pronouns or adjectives the attracting elements nouns or pronouns and the agreement features can be number or gender, although most of the work has concentrated on number attraction in subject-verb agreement. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Д¬ompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ДЄttraction errors are characterized by the incorrect agreement of a target with an element that is not its grammatical controller (e.g., The label on the bottles are rusty). ДЇunding: The research was funded by the Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche (International Short Visit) to J. The data files are accessible via the following URL. All data files are available from the Open Science Foundation database per DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/J85SP.

The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.Дata Availability: Yes - all data are fully available without restriction. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: AugAccepted: ApPublished: May 19, 2020 PLoS ONE 15(5):Д®ditor: Andriy Myachykov, Northumbria University, UNITED KINGDOM Results support a content-addressable architecture of memory representations for sentences in which nounsвЂ™ accessibility depends on their syntactic position, while subjects are kept in the focus of attention.Д¬itation: Franck J, Wagers M (2020) Hierarchical structure and memory mechanisms in agreement attraction. Experiment 2 showed a close alignment between the attraction profiles found in Experiment 1 and memory parameters. Experiment 1 first established that attraction arises in jabberwocky sentences, to a similar extent and showing structure-dependency effects, as in natural sentences. SAT enabled the joint measurement of retrieval speed and retrieval accuracy of subjects and attractors in sentences that typically elicit attraction errors. The method used is innovative in two respects: we used jabberwocky materials to control for semantic influences and focus on structural agreement processing, and we used a Speed-Accuracy Trade-off (SAT) design combined with a memory probe recognition task, as classically used in list memorization tasks. We report two experiments exploring the link between structural position and memory representations in attraction. Cross-linguistic studies converge in showing that attraction is modulated by the hierarchical position of the attractor in the sentence structure. Speakers occasionally produce verbs that agree with an element that is not the subject, a so-called вЂattractorвЂ™ likewise, comprehenders occasionally fail to notice agreement errors when the verb agrees with the attractor.

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